Why Multiaxial Diagnosis Is Outdated

Why Multiaxial Diagnosis Is Outdated BPD Diagnosis Print Why Multiaxial Diagnosis Is Outdated By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 13, 2019 Bruce Ayres/Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions The most common diagnostic system for psychiatric disorders is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM-5), currently in its fifth edition. While the last DSM, DSM-IV, used multiaxial diagnosis, DSM-5 did away with this system.   What Are the Five Axes in a Multiaxial Diagnosis? In the DSM-IV-TR system, an individual was diagnosed on five different domains, or axes. In a single axis system like DSM-5 is, an individual is diagnosed in just one domain. For example, a clinical disorder, such as major depressive disorder, would be assigned. The multiaxial system was thought to give more detail. Axis I: Clinical Disorders Major psychiatric disorders were diagnosed on Axis I. When you think of psychiatric diagnosis, these are the kinds of disorders that probably come to mind. For example, major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder were diagnosed on Axis I. Learning disorder, such as reading or arithmetic disorders, and developmental disabilities, such as autistic disorder, were also diagnosed on Axis I. Axis I tended to be reserved for major disorders that were thought to be somewhat episodic, meaning they typically have a clear onset and periods of remission or recovery. This was not true of all Axis I disorders, however. Autistic disorders, for example, are not episodic. Axis II: Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation Axis II also included some conditions that we might consider psychiatric disorders, but these were thought to be longer-standing conditions that were typically present before age 18. The personality disorders are longstanding, pervasive patterns of thinking and behavior that usually appear before the age of 18 but are typically diagnosed after 18, when the personality is considered more fully formed. These disorders are not thought of as episodic; they are considered stable and chronic. Mental retardation (MR) is also a long-standing condition that must be present before the age of 18 and is stable over time. MR refers to significantly below-average intellectual functioning combined with deficits in adaptive behavior. One rationale for the diagnosis of personality disorders and mental retardation on Axis II was that these are chronic conditions that should be separated from Axis I conditions in order to allow them to be highlighted  since they convey important additional diagnostic information. There was some controversy, however, about whether personality disorders are truly qualitatively different than Axis I clinical disorders, and whether they should remain on Axis II.   Axis III: Medical or Physical Conditions Axis III was reserved for medical or physical conditions that may affect or be affected by mental health issues. For example, if someone has cancer, and their illness and treatment are affecting their mental health, that would be important information to be conveyed in the diagnosis. So, the cancer diagnosis would be included on Axis III. Alternatively, someone might have a medical condition that is impacted by their mental health. For example, someone with diabetes might not comply with their medical treatment regimen if they have a psychiatric disorder that causes impulsive or erratic behavior. Diagnosing the medical illness on Axis III was to help alert a clinician of a potential problem. Axis IV: Contributing Environmental or Psychosocial Factors Often, a psychiatric diagnosis happens in the context of major environmental or social stressors. For example, job loss, divorce, financial problems or homelessness may contribute to the development or maintenance of a mental health condition. A psychiatric disorder can also contribute to the development of these stressors. These important contextual factors were coded on Axis IV. Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning The last axis, Axis V, was reserved for the global assessment of functioning (GAF). The GAF is a number between 0 and 100 which was meant to indicate your level of functioning, or your ability to engage in adaptive daily living. Lower scores indicated lower functioning, with a score of zero indicating that a person was incapable of maintaining their own safety or basic hygiene  or was an imminent threat to the safety or welfare of others. Scores near 100 indicated superior functioning. Why Did the DSM-5 Do Away With Multiaxial Diagnosis? The multiaxial system was intended to help make distinctions between diagnoses, but instead created confusion and negatively impacted research. DSM-5 has combined the first three axes into one in order to eliminate the distinctions between diagnoses, which helps clinicians, researchers and insurance companies streamline information. Clinicians still evaluate patients for the last two axes. They just do it using different tools.

Descriptive Essay - It s Sour ! Essay - 1160 Words

Here. Taste. - It s sour! - You re so clueless. - It s not like I ever drink wine. - Obviously. This bottle costs over R500. Yes, Lesedi. I m living the high life now. It s what I ve always wanted. There s no way I m just going to give it up. I was surprised to hear from you. You don t call often. You have your own lives to live. I m well aware of that. What was it you wanted to talk about? Mom, are you okay? Tell me, do you think I m holding Jack back? - Where s this coming from? - Just answer me. No. You might be a smooth-talker in the courtroom... but you could never lie to your mother. Tell me the truth. You can tell me the truth. I can handle the truth. He s kind of... seeing someone. Her name is Tshidi, and she s living with us. I couldn t expect him to go all these years without female company. It must get very lonely for him. You and your father and your sister... must stop tiptoeing around me. You re out there and I m in here. It wouldn t be fair. Now tell me about this Tshidi. Is she a nice person? It s okay, my boy, you can tell me anything. I m a big girl. I can handle the truth. Yes, she s nice. - We get along very well. - I bet she s very pretty. She s okay, I guess. Is she good to your father? From what I can see... - she s taking good care of him. - Does your father love her? I don t know. You know Dad. He doesn t talk about these things. He doesn t have to say anything. It should be clear to see.Show MoreRelatedCulture Shock1485 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Dhanaraj Descriptive Essay Culture Shock: An Integration in a New Country LIBS - 7001 February 21, 2011 The word ‘CULTURE’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘CULTURA’ which means to cultivate, to grow (Harper 2010). Anthropologist Edward B. Taylor, defines culture as â€Å"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits.† (O’Neil 2006). This is the basic premise that beliefs, morals, and customs are all based on one’sRead MoreComparing Robert Frosts After Apple-Picking to Apples by Laurie Lee2445 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Earth can be. This contrasts drastically with Apples. In Lees poem the apples are well-used by various animals, and by the end of autumn, they have served many important purposes. The narrator sees the need to ‘welcome the ripe, the sweet, the sour, the hollow and the whole. All the elements of nature have had their chance to interact. The narrator sees that all parts of nature are necessary and therefore equally beautiful. Using the apples in their poems to represent the whole of nature, FrostRead MoreRhetorical Devices3007 Words   |  13 PagesSecond Inaugural) | Schemes: Sentence-Level |aposiopesis |the speaker fails to complete his sentence, (seemingly) overpowered by his emotions | | |Sir Leicester s gallantry concedes the point; though he still feels that to bring this sort of | | |squalor among the upper classes is really – really – (Dickens, Bleak House) | |asyndeton |theRead MoreFor Against by L.G. 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The short essays which appear from time to time (e.g. under otà ¹tà ¹, à ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¤gbanÌ„je) on aspects of culture are also his work, as are the sketches which served as basis for the illustrations, a large number of new words, and various features of the arrangement. When he hadRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesprimary data on the movement but to analyze and re-analyze the growing body of scholarly and popular literature on the movement, including sociological and anthropological studies, biographies, monographs, dissertations, published and unpublished essays, and periodical articles. Archival sources, such as newspaper reports, policy statements, pamphlets, and organization manuals have also provided useful information. Chapter 1 reviews and reï ¬ nes Webers theory of charisma and routinization, using

Literacy Learner - 1729 Words

Differentiation is the key for these students. All students may be working on the same objective, but for this group, the assignment will be given in a different style to accommodate their learning. This will help ensure that they complete understand the material being taught. The student may just need the process or the product of the material to be different. The distinction between below – average readers and severely disable readers is an important one. Wherever we as educators draw the line separating the two groups, the idea is that instruction should vary depending on the severity of a child’s reading difficulty. Because fluency incorporates automatic word recognition, it is reflected in the narrow view of reading. However,†¦show more content†¦Because of the rich diversity found in today’s classroom, we as teachers have to consider ways of adapting the curriculum so that all children can learn to recognize and use appropriate and descriptive vocabulary. Teaching a child how to decode words requires knowledge and skill. I must keep in mind that aiming instruction at a lower functioning level wastes time and effort. On the other hand, aiming too high can produce frustration, and worse, confusion (Morris, 2008). Sorting words is a very simple but effective categorizing activity that encourages active student involvement. In pairs or small groups, students will be given a list of words to sort into meaningful categories. The closed word sort activity that are being focused on are roots or affixes: some of the words that begin with im-, some in which im- means â€Å"not,† some in which im- does not mean â€Å"not† (e.g., impulse, important vs. immature, impossible) will be a part of the list. The different words were chosen based on the instructional level of the students. I had to keep in mind that aiming towards a lower instruction level would be wasting time and effort. On the other hand, aiming too high can produce frustration, and worse, confusion (Morris, 2008). Other words will include sort words with a prefix that means â€Å"not† (illegal, irresponsible, and immature. Finally studentsShow MoreRelated Effective Literacy Strategies for English Language Learne rs 2648 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction English Language Learners (hereafter referred to as ELLs) currently comprise 10% of the total school population in the United States (National Center for Education Statistics, 2005). It is a population that is going to continue to increase in American public education and their specific needs for learning literacy are of great importance to teachers. Since schools and teachers are increasingly judged based upon the academic achievement of students, then the success of the growingRead MoreThe Literacy Level Of The Learner2090 Words   |  9 PagesClassroom talk Learner talk in the target language can only flourish if teachers themselves are prepared to use and maintain the TL the MFL classroom as the main communication language. But there are many other factors that contributes to learner talk in the TL or the lack of it. One prominent factor is the literacy level of the learner in his own mother language. There might be a lack of grammatical knowledge as well as problems with spelling, reading and writing. If the learner has not yet understoodRead MoreExplain Own Role and Responsibilities in Identifying and Meeting the Needs of the Learners664 Words   |  3 PagesExplain own role and responsibilities in identifying and meeting the needs of the learners As a teacher and trainer I have found that one of the simplest ways to make learning accessible to both myself and to those I am teaching is by relating to real-life situations and circumstances that I have faced. If one takes the approach of trying to memorise lists of facts of how to deal with First Aid situations the information becomes more difficult to absorb and less likely to be retained. Context canRead MoreSubject Didactics English3201 Words   |  13 Pageschairs. All learners and educators are issued with the appropriate resources such as textbooks and study guides to achieve the outcomes of the curriculum as determined by the Department of Basic Education. Periods are 40 minutes long. A total of four hours per cycle is dedicated to the learning of the home language. The majority of learners are from a lower to medium economic background. The school’s language of teaching and learning is English. Consequently, all learners are registeredRead MoreWhy English Learners Struggle With Content Literacy1238 Words   |  5 Pages5. Why do English learners struggle with content literacy tasks, and how does sheltered instruction make content more accessible to them while providing additional language support? English learners (ELs) struggle with content literacy task because the â€Å"academic language of texts is not the language of conversational speech† Vacca et al. (2014, P.77). Every content area has a specific language. ELs find it difficult because they are not familiar with the academic language in that content area. ForRead MoreEducation And Literacy Development For Preschool Dual Language Learners956 Words   |  4 Pagesschool-age population† (p. 9). This increase in second language learners will cause the educator to accommodate for those needs. Second language learners â€Å"need teachers who welcome them and recognize their unique abilities, what they know, and what they need to learn† (Magruder, Hayslip, Espinosa, and Matera, 2013, p. 10). The article, Many Languages, One Teacher: Supporting Language and Literacy Development for Preschool Dual Language Learners, explains to educators how to support the language developmentRead MoreLanguage Learners : Does It Promote Or Hinder Literacy Development?902 Words   |  4 PagesIn her article, Mainstreaming English Language Learners: Does it Promote or Hinder Literacy Development?, author Esther Somà ©-Guià ©brà ©, discusses the impact on literacy development when English language learners (ELL) are placed in mainstream classrooms. In this study, she followed two ELL students who are native French speaking African immigrants in the fifth grade in American schools. One of the students was a recent immigrant, only arriving five months ago, and the second was in her third year ofRead MoreSupporting the Development of English Literacy in English Language Learners22851 Words   |  92 PagesSUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH LITERACY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Key Issues and Promising Practices Diane August August Associates Report No. 61 February 2003 This report was published by the Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk (CRESPAR), a national research and development center supported by a grant (No. R-117-D40005) from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education. 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The book that I chose is at approximately reading levels 9 to 11. It is called ‘What s the Matter, Aunty May’ which is about a little boy who is trying to do some housework for his aunty but keeping making troubles. Aunty May witnessed the whole trail of destruction

Paper Bag Free Essays

JoAnna Baugh Greg Bade English 40322 11, September, 2012 Paper bag Essay If you were to give me a paper bag and told me to place three or four things that represented who I am inside of it, I would not know where to start. There are so many things that I could fit in a paper bag that describes me. I think that these three specific items will represent me the most. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper Bag or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first item that I would place inside of the paper bag would be a coffee cup from Starbucks because I am an avid coffee drinker. I have tried to drink coffee straight without creamer or sugar but to no prevail. The taste, in my honest opinion, is revolting and there is no flavor if you do not add anything to your coffee. I also plan on owning my own coffeehouse in the distant future. I have always been involved in culinary arts. My mother got me into it when I was two and ever since then it is all I have been passionate about. I was even in a culinary program when I was in high school and instead of just learning how to cook; it gave me the opportunity to experience what it would be like to work in something similar to Starbucks. Sure, there were times where I thought I could not take anymore, but I got through it and even through the chaos I enjoyed every moment. For my next item, I would choose the music score from Wicked, one of my favorite musicals. My friends at church would go on and on about glorious it was, so I wanted to see what they were getting all worked up about. I went on YouTube that night and listened to the soundtrack, falling in love with it instantly. Although I am getting more affiliated with more and more musicals, Wicked will always be number one. Another reason why I would add a music score is because I love to sing. Especially whenever my mother plays a song on the piano that I know the words to. The final item I would place inside this paper bag would be a pencil. There are so many things I have done with a pencil, but whenever I have a pencil in my hand, I am writing. I am currently writing a few stories and I have a short story in mind that I would like to bring to life. My sister is to blame for my passion for writing. I would always see her writing down whatever she could think of which inspired me to do the same. Ever since that day, writing has become much easier to me, especially free writing. Each item I have put inside of my paper bag has one thing in common. They are all things that I love. I love to drink coffee, if it is flavored of course; I love musicals, mainly Wicked, and to sing; and I love to write. If that does not describe who I am, then I do not know what does. How to cite Paper Bag, Essay examples

When Purchasing A Cellular Phone There Is Always The Question Of Analo

When purchasing a cellular phone there is always the question of analog or digital. In analog cellular service the voice is transmitted over a specific radio frequency, usually 800 MHz. Digital cellular service on the other hand breaks the voice down into a binary format where the voice is represented by a series of 1's and O's. These simple definitions will help to familiarize yourself with the two systems, but to truly determine which phone is right for you there are four issues that should be addressed, cost, sound quality, coverage, and features. Cost is an issue that is important to everyone so it must be considered when purchasing a cellular phone. Analog is the original cellular phone type, since the technology has been around for over 20 years these phones are considerably less expensive than digital phones. The cost of digital phones is higher because the technology is relatively new, and the phones tend to come with more features. Although, the minute rates tend to be higher for analog phones than that of digital. When comparing cost you must look at both the cost of the cellular phone and the cost of the cellular package. Sound quality is a crucial point to consider when purchasing a phone especially if it is going to be used for business purposes. Analog phones do not offer the best sound quality available in the cellular phone market today. One of the biggest advantages of digital phones is the sound quality. The binary code utilized by digital enables it to know exactly what it should be when it reaches the end of the transmission. That way, it can correct any errors that may have occurred in the data transfer. This means clarity, digital phone users receive the benefit of distortion free conversations. The issue of coverage also needs to be discussed when purchasing a cellular phone. Due to the fact that analog phones have been around for over 20 years they basically cover most rural areas. On the other hand, most digital networks are concentrated in urban areas. Digital equipped antennae are not yet covering the country the way that analog is, but they will be soon. Although overall coverage is better with analog, digital cellular allows more people to use their phones within a single coverage area. More data can be sent and received simultaneously by each phone user. When looking at features the user needs to determine what they will be using the phone for. Analog phones have very minimal features; they usually just have basic functions. If you need a more complex phone you should go for digital. Digital phones allow you to get text messages, wireless web, voicemail, caller ID information, and also provide more security than analog phones. Digital is also responsible for the new all in one devices such as the palm pilot, which can also be used as a phone and pager. The nature of digital technology allows it to fit many 1's and O's together into the same space an analog signal uses. Ultimately the phone you choose will depend on where you will be using it and what you will be using it for. Whether you go analog or digital depends on a number of things, it also might just be personal preference. Some people do not use their phone enough to care which type of signal it uses. The people that are going to be faced with the analog versus digital dilemma are the heavy cellular phone users. Although some people feel the question is a no brainer the analog system for the time being still offers some useful benefits.

Reflective exercise by Karin Chung

Reflective exercise by Karin Chung Kolb’s Learning Cycle divides the process of reflection into four stages. These stages are going through an experience, reflecting on the experience, developing generalizations and abstractions from the experience, and testing the conclusions in new experiences . This paper presents the output of a reflective exercise based on the experience of Karin Chung.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reflective exercise by Karin Chung specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chung is in the middle of a software implantation project that started well but later ran into problems. The reflective exercise presented in this paper looks at Chung’s experience from the context of project management. In fact, the goal of the paper is to use reflection to determine the best action Chung should take to correct the existing situation. Concrete Experience Chung is in charge of the software installation project in her division. The inc eption of the project was very commendable. All the divisions in the company gave their input regarding their needs and expectations. They also helped to identify potential problems that the new system could experience. All the divisions also received training relating to how to use the new software after installation. In addition, to these internal efforts, Chung ensured that all the contractors participated in the development of the work breakdown structure for the project. The highlight of the preparation phase was a partnering seminar designed to stress the need for good communication during the project. All the participants signed a partnering charter as an expression of their commitment to the project. After two months, three incidents raised Chung’s concerns relating to the progress of the project. However, she did not take action because she felt they were comparable to problems in smaller software projects that she had handled in the past. The first issue was the con cern raised by a task force member regarding the incompatibility of the software with the accounting systems of the Virginia division. The second problem was the view of the consulting contractor that one of the contractors never kept time, and failed to test software before deployment. The third concern was that tests were showing that the software implemented would never be compatible with the division in Georgia. The project degenerated to a complete crisis during the fourth month of operations. The spirit of optimism and commitment to teamwork displayed during the partnering seminar was all gone. The project was behind schedule by two months, and one contractor has said to Chung in a letter that he would not be liable for delays caused by another contractor. At this point, Chung called a meeting involving all the contractors. The meeting flared up because of the divergent views regarding the causes of the current problems.Advertising Looking for report on business econo mics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The concrete experiences regarding project management that emerge from this situation are as follows. There was a clear attempt to plan the project and to ensure it starts well. As the project took off, differences emerged between different stakeholders in the project. These differences precipitated the current crisis. These differences partly arose because of the technical problems that came up during implementation. From the case, it seems that there were no meetings held to review the progress of the execution of the project. The project team did not have any central meetings to discuss general challenges and the impact of delays on the schedule of the project. In conclusion, the two positive experiences that the stakeholders went through during the life of the project were the joint effort to develop the work breakdown structure before the commencement of the project, and a memorable launch. The next set of experiences was less pleasant. Each contractor seemed to work alone. Problems on some elements of the project undermined the work in other elements. There were no meetings to review progress at regular intervals. This led to the accumulation of problems that eventually ground the project to a halt. Reflecting on the Experience Project management is a phased approach towards the delivery of agreed upon objectives. The main elements of a project include project integration management, project scope management, and time management. It also includes cost and quality management, human resource management, and communications management. Finally, project management includes risk and procurement management. Chung failed to carry out complete project integration management. She had a very strong emphasis on some of elements of the project integration management to the exclusion of others. She did not succeed in making strong monitoring plans resulting in disjointed e fforts. Chung’s performance shows that she had a strong bias towards relationship management, which was not sufficient for the delivery of a technical project. The development of the scope of the project also had a few insufficiencies. The scope failed to cover integration of the new system with the other divisions of the company. From the case, it seems that the project concentrated on how to develop a solution meeting the division’s needs only. It did not pay sufficient attention to the needs of the other divisions. Time management was also a problem with this project. As at the time of this review, the project was already two months behind schedule. While all the contractors participated in the development of a work breakdown structure, there was insufficient attention paid to the time required to complete the tasks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reflective exercise by Karin Chung specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page L earn More Costs were prepared in advance, but the management of costs was weak. Costs are a factor of time and scope management. Therefore, since the management of these two areas had problems, cost management must have collapsed. Quality management was inconsistent. The inception of the project was very well organized. It met the quality requirements for these processes. However, the delivery of the actual software, and the management of the processes during the active life of the project was poor. The quality criterion for any project includes the delivery of the intended results. This project failed to deliver results on time and on budget. The human resource element was one of the worst managed elements of the project. The fact that the project manager only overheard complaints or failed to find solutions to problems pragmatically all show that the human resource management of the project was below par. An aspect related the human resource management is communication man agement. The management of the communication within the project was very poor. The project manager did not institute proper procedures for information management and information sharing. The result is that it was not possible to understand the complete scale of issues that were affecting the project. The current state of the project suggests that risk management within the project was poor. If proper risk analysis took place, the issue of software compatibility would have surfaced. In addition, it would be possible to look at ways of ensuring that the risks associated with the schedule would not arise. On procurement management, it is difficult to say that there were any specific problems before finding out whether the nature of software developed so far is in line with the needs of the division. One of the contractors revealed that the issues he was dealing with were more serious that compatibility. Can this mean the contractor was not qualified for the work? Can it also explain th e delays on the delivery of some of the project components? Development of Generalization and Abstraction from the Experience This experience shows clearly that a project can fail despite a strong start. It also shows that good morale is not sufficient to ensure that a project is successful. It is desirable to start a project with high spirits, but it takes proper planning and good project management skills to deliver the project on time and within the budget. The following are some issues, which can help in ensuring that this project delivers the intended outcomes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, this project can benefit from better project planning. The reflection points out that there were fundamental weaknesses in the planning of the project. This may have resulted from using project-planning models meant for smaller projects on a big project. It is clear that Chung underestimated the project management needs of this project. All projects are different. They demand different approaches in order to ensure that they are successful. The planning part of a project is as important as the execution. Planning in any sphere makes it possible to have an efficient deployment of resources to guarantee success. Project execution that does not arise from planning results in chaos, regardless of the intentions of the participants. The second aspect that arises from the project under review is that there is need to invest in good management structures. Good planning alone cannot guarantee the delivery of intended project outcomes. Good management is an essential part of the proje ct. A large project usually requires a team to handle the daily management demands. Smaller projects may survive with a single manager working with various people. The project reviewed not only involved several contractors, it also involved several divisions. It is clear that the best way to manage it was to have a dedicated project management team to deal with the emerging issues. The third issue that was unclear in this project was the development of the work break down structure. The case shows that the contractors participated in the development of the work breakdown structure. However, the final position of the project reveals that the contractors did not all manage to keep to the demands of this work breakdown structure. From an analytical point, the process of development and implementation of a work breakdown structure requires careful management. A project management committee supervises the achievement of project milestones based on the work breakdown structure. The milest ones for this project are unclear. If enough effort went into organizing the project into phases in order to indentify milestones, the results may have been different. In conclusion, the work breakdown structure failed to achieve the intended results for the project. The final aspect in the analysis of the issues raised in the case study is that there was very poor communication within the project team members. The two instances where Chung receives information about difficult contractors are ineffective ways to receiving information. In the first case, a task force member reported to her that the software under implantation would not be compatible with the software in Houston. She responds by asking the task force member to stress to the contractor need to have compatible software. In the next situation, she overheard the consultant badmouthing one contractor. This can only mean that there was no proper way for all the parties to report the difficulties they faced in the project. C ommunication is very essential in any project. It is imperative for all project team members to receive timely and adequate information at all times. This ensures that issues receive attention before they evolve into bigger problems. Handling issues in small bits is also an excellent risk management strategy. As soon as a risk trigger is noted, the management committee needs to meet and decide on the appropriate action. In some cases, the interventions already exist in the risk management plan. In this case, the relevant person implements the appropriate risk management action. Testing of Generalizations by New Actions The present situation in the project demands the development of specific actions that can result in the successful implementation of the project despite the bottlenecks. The following initiatives can help to ensure that this project succeeds. First, Chung needs to invite all project stakeholders to a seminar intended for project status review. The currently scheduled meeting cannot act the review seminar because most of the time in it will go towards indentifying the sources of delay. It is likely to be acrimonious. The proposed review meeting should allow all the contractors to report on their progress in order to determine gaps. In addition, it should provide a forum for all the participants to review their participation. If any of the contractors wants to pull out, this is the best avenue for them to make that intention known. In addition, the review seminar should provide Chung with the opportunity to decide on the structure of an effective project management committee. The next issue that needs action is the establishment of a dedicated project management committee. The committee should provide all the stakeholders with adequate information relating to the progress of the project from this point forward. The typical members of the project management committee should be the representatives of the contractors, the department heads in the divi sion directly involved with the accounting software project, and the project manager. The project management committee should have regular meetings and should monitor the delivery of milestones from this point forward. The committee will also enable Chung to receive information in a manner that she can take effective action. The third issue required to make this project successful is a clarification of the deliverables of the project. Currently, contractors seem to be working based on their own assessment of the needs of the project. In order to enforce the contracts, Chung needs the help of a project committee to evaluate whether each contractor is working towards the correct deliverables. In this sense, the current targets as outlined in the contracts should form the basis of identifying the deliverables for the project. In addition, the fresh sets of deliverables should take into account the work already done. The fourth issue that requires attention to make the project a success is the development of a new work breakdown structure. The need for a new work breakdown structure comes from the realization that some work is already complete. In addition, the management committee may reorganize the deliverables of the project to take into account apparent deficiencies in the current plans. The effect of developing a new work breakdown structure will be to provide a new impetus for the project. The new work breakdown structure will also necessitate the identification of a new deadline for the project. The work breakdown structure is the basic unit of work in a project. Any changes on it affect all the other elements of the project. The final aspect that must change for the project to succeed is the management of communication in the project. It seems that there was no communication plan for the project. This explains why the reporting of problems poorly coordinated. Communication in a project is not just for reporting problems. It is also important for reporting progress in order to keep the morale of all stakeholders at a high point. Chung needs to develop a communication plan to ensure that the project management committee meets all the communication needs of all stakeholders. In conclusion, while the project is in a bad shape now, it is possible to salvage it and to make it work. The identification of the potential ways of dealing with the issues is the result of a reflective exercise using Kolb’s cycle. Reference List Arson, EW Gray, CF 2011, Project Management: The Managerial Process, , McGraw Hill International, New York, NY. Dube, L, Berner, C Roy, V 2009, Taking on the Challenge of IT Management in a Global Business Context: The Alcan Case Part A, International Journal of Case Studies in Management, vol 7, no. 2, pp. 1-13. Kutsch, E Hall, M 2010, Deliberate Ignorance in Project Risk Management, International Journal of Project Management, vol 28, no. 3, pp. 145-155. Lozo, G Jovanović, S 2012, A Flexible Hybrid Method for IT Project Management, Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, vol 2, no. 7, pp. 1027-1036.

Crimes of Serial Killer Gary Michael Hilton

Crimes of Serial Killer Gary Michael Hilton Gary Michael Hilton is an American serial killer who  murdered and beheaded four hikers in Florida, North Carolina, and Georgia between 2005 and 2008. Hilton is sometimes referred to as the National Forest Serial Killer since most of his victims bodies were found in national parks. Although convicted in only four cases, he is believed to have committed many more killings. Trail of Death In January 2008, Hilton was sentenced to life in prison in Georgia for the death of Meredith Emerson, 24, of Buford, Georgia. After that case, authorities from Georgia, North Carolina, and Florida  began piecing together evidence left behind by a trail of bodies that fit Hiltons modus operandi.  He was subsequently charged with and convicted for three additional murders. In April 2011, Hilton received a Florida death sentence for the murder of 46-year-old Cheryl Dunlap. Two years later, in 2013, he was sentenced in North Carolina to four life sentences for the 2007 deaths of  John Bryant, 80, and Irene Bryant, 84. The Meredith Emerson Case On New Years Day 2008, 24-year-old University of Georgia graduate Meredith Emerson went hiking on Blood Mountain in the Chattahoochee National Forest with her dog Ella, which she had done on many previous occasions. This time, however, she failed to return from the hike. Witnesses remembered seeing Emerson talking with a gray-haired man who appeared to be in his sixties and had a red dog named Dandy. Emerson used her wits and martial arts training to fight off her attacker for four days, desperately trying to save her life.  Eventually, she suffered a blow to the head  that incapacitated her. Hilton killed her and left her decapitated body in the north Georgia mountains. After Emersons disappearance, investigators working the case found surveillance photos of Gary Michael Hilton trying to use Emersons ATM card. In February 2008, Gary Michael Hilton was indicted, pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to life in prison- all in a single day. The Cheryl Dunlap Case On April 21, 2011, Hilton was convicted for the February kidnapping, robbing, murder, and dismemberment of Cheryl Hodges  Dunlap, a 46-year-old Sunday school teacher from Crawfordville, Florida. Dunlaps decapitated body was discovered in the Apalachicola National Forest. Despite efforts to fight it, Hilton had been extradited to Florida to face charges for Dunlaps murder.  Hed avoided the death penalty in Georgia but would not be so lucky at his second trial. A Tallahassee jury of six women and six men deliberated for only one hour, 20 minutes before unanimously recommending a death sentence for the serial killer whod avoided execution in Georgia.   The John and Irene Bryant Case In April 2013, Hilton pleaded guilty and was sentenced to four additional life sentences in federal prison for kidnapping and murdering an elderly North Carolina couple in Pisgah National Forest in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. Hilton had been camping scouting for potential victims before selecting and ambushing the Hendersonville couple who were out for a hike on October 21, 2007. He killed Irene Bryant using blunt force. Her body was later found by authorities several yards from where the couple had parked their car.  Hilton then kidnapped her husband, took his ATM card, and coerced him into providing his personal identification number to access money from an ATM. Mr.  Bryants body was found in  Nantahala National Forest. A day later, on October 22, 2007, Hilton used the Bryants’ ATM card in Ducktown, Tennesee, to withdraw $300. Federal authorities became involved with Hiltons prosecution after autopsy results showed that John Bryant died of a gunshot to the head from a .22 Magnum firearm. Other Possible Victims Hilton is believed to have killed Rossana Miliani, 26 and Michael Scot Louis, 27, among others. On December 7, 2005, Rossana Miliani disappeared while hiking in Bryson City. A shopkeeper told the police that Miliani, who appeared very nervous, came into her store with an older man who looked to be in his sixties. The witness reported that they purchased clothing and that the man told her he was a traveling preacher. It was later learned that Hilton had stolen  Milianis bank card and was trying to use it. Miliani was beaten to death but Hilton was not charged.   On December 6, 2007, the decapitated and dismembered body of Michael Scot Louis was found in Tomoka State Park near Ormond Beach, Florida. The Aftermath and Legacy Hilton remains on death row.  A judge delayed his appeal in the wake of a U.S. Supreme Court decision in January 2016 declaring Floridas death penalty law unconstitutional. In a chilling footnote to the case, it came to light that Hilton had once been involved in the development of a murder movie that bore similarities to the crimes for which he was eventually convicted. An Atlanta attorney, who also produces movies, revealed that in 1995, Gary Michael Hilton helped him come up with the plot for the film Deadly Run.